Jurnal Komunitas Farmasi Nasional

PENGARUH METODE PEMBUATAN TERHADAP KADAR VITAMIN C DAN KEMAMPUAN ANTIOKSIDAN MINUMAN FUNGSIONAL SARI BUAH

Hairunnisa Hairunnisa — 2026-08-14

Functional beverages contain bioactive compounds such as vitamin C and antioxidants that provide health benefits. The levels of these compounds are influenced by the processing method. This study aimed to determine the vitamin C content and antioxidant activity of functional beverages prepared using three extraction methods: slow juicer, blender, and grating. The beverage consisted of pineapple, lime, ginger, turmeric, and tomato. Vitamin C content was determined using UV-Vis spectrophotometry at a maximum wavelength of 264.50 nm, while antioxidant activity was evaluated using the DPPH method and expressed as percentage inhibition. The results showed that the blender method produced the highest vitamin C content (208.4 mg/500 mL), followed by the grating method (62.1 mg/500 mL) and slow juicer (3.6 mg/500 mL). The highest antioxidant activity was obtained using the grating method (86.20%), followed by slow juicer (83.44%) and blender (78.96%). Statistical analysis indicated significant differences among processing methods. The blender method was more effective in extracting vitamin C, whereas the grating method better preserved antioxidant activity.

UJI AKTIVITAS ANTIPIRETIK EKSTRAK ETANOL DAUN SAWI PAKCOY (Brassica rapa Linn.) TERHADAP MENCIT PUTIH (Mus musculus L.) JANTAN YANG DI INDUKSI PEPTON 5%

Sulastri Herdaningsih — 2026-08-14

Fever is a condition marked by an increase in body temperature beyond normal

limits. This study aims to evaluate the antipyretic effect of ethanol extract from

pakcoy mustard leaves (Brassica rapa Linn.) on male white mice (Mus musculus

L.) induced with 5% peptone and to determine the effective dose of the extract.

Fifteen male mice were divided into five groups: negative control (0.5% Na-CMC),

positive control (paracetamol 65 mg/kg body weight), and three treatment groups

receiving ethanol extract doses of 100 mg/kg, 200 mg/kg, and 400 mg/kg body

weight. All groups were induced using 5% peptone subcutaneously until a rectal

temperature increase of ≥0.6°C occurred, followed by oral administration of the

test substances. Temperature was recorded every 30 minutes over 4 hours.

Statistical analysis revealed significant antipyretic effects in all treatment groups

compared to the negative control (p values 0.02, 0.01, 0.04; p < 0.05) at doses 100,

200, and 400 mg/kg body weight respectively. The findings suggest that ethanol

extract of pakcoy mustard leaves possesses significant antipyretic activity in male

white mice induced with fever.

Keywords: Pakcoy Mustard (Brassica rapa Linn.), Antipyretic, White Mice (Mus

musculus L.)

Secondary Metabolite Screening of Cocoa Cascara (Theobroma cacao L.) from Blitar, East Java

Fajar Fajar — 2026-08-14

Agricultural by-products have attracted increasing attention as potential sources of bioactive compounds, including Cacao cascara, the outer shell remaining after Cacao bean processing. Cacao cascara is considered a promising natural material because it contains secondary metabolites that may exhibit various biological activities and could be utilised in pharmaceutical and functional food applications. This study aimed to identify the secondary metabolites present in the 96% ethanol extract of Cacao cascara (Theobroma cacao L.) collected from Blitar, East Java, Indonesia. An experimental approach was employed using the maceration extraction method with 96% ethanol for three consecutive 24-hour periods. The resulting extract was concentrated on a rotary evaporator before qualitative phytochemical screening. Identification of secondary metabolites was performed using specific reagents to detect alkaloids, flavonoids, tannins, terpenoids, steroids, and saponins. The results demonstrated positive reactions for alkaloids, flavonoids, tannins, terpenoids, and saponins, whereas steroids were not detected in the extract. The presence of these bioactive compounds suggests that Cacao cascara has considerable potential as a natural source of pharmacologically valuable substances with antioxidant, antimicrobial, and anti-inflammatory properties, as reported in previous studies. These findings indicate that Cacao cascara from Blitar, East Java, represents a valuable agricultural by-product with promising applications in the development of natural pharmaceutical ingredients, nutraceuticals, and functional foods. Further quantitative analyses and biological activity evaluations are recommended to determine the concentration and pharmacological potential of each identified compound.

KARAKTERISASI NANOPARTIKEL PERAK MENGGUNAKAN EKSTRAK KULIT BUAH SALAK (Salacca zalacca) SEBAGAI BIOREDUKTOR : UJI WARNA DAN ANALISIS SURFACE PLASMON RESONANCE (SPR) SEBAGAI FUNGSI KONSENTRASI

Athiah Masykuroh — 2026-08-14

Salacca zalacca is a tropical plant whose peel contains secondary metabolites such as flavonoids, tannins, and saponins, which have the potential to act as bioreductant agents in the synthesis of silver nanoparticles (AgNPs). Extraction was carried out by boiling 50 g of Salacca zalacca fruit peel in 500 mL of distilled water at 65°C for 10 minutes. The silver nanoparticles synthesis was performed by mixing the extract at concentrations of 10%, 15%, and 20% with a 0.15 M AgNO₃ solution, then heating the mixture at 70°C for 10 minutes. The results showed a color change of the solution to dark brown; however, no absorbance peak was observed in the wavelength range of 395–515 nm based on UV-Vis spectrophotometric analysis, indicating that AgNPs were not formed.

REVIEW ARTIKEL: TABLET LEPAS LAMBAT BERBASIS MATRIKS UNTUK MELIHAT PROFIL PELEPASAN OBAT

mayrina angel fastika — 2026-08-14

Sustained release tablets are dosage forms developed to maintain drug concentrations within the therapeutic range for a longer period, reduce dosing frequency, and improve patient compliance. Various formulation approaches have been employed to achieve controlled drug release, mainly through hydrophilic matrix, hydrophobic matrix, and floating systems. This article presents a narrative review of five studies congcerning susteined release tablet formulations containing synthetic drugs and herbal extracts, namely dipyridamole, metforminHCL, apirin, celery extract (Apium graveolens L.), and jatropha curcas L. Leaf extract. The studies were reviewed based on research objectives, formulation composition, polymer or matrix type, manufacturing method, evaluation parameters, and drug release performance. The riview shows that hydroxypropyl methylcellulose (HPMC), xanthan gum, chitosan, and ethyl cellulose are the most frequently used polymers to modify drug release. HPMC and xanthan gum generally provide hydrophilic matrix characteristics that support gel formulation and duffusion-erosion drug release, whereas ethyl cellulose acts as a hydrophobic matrix that retards dissolution medium penetration. In floating systems, the combination of HPMC with gas-generating agents or supporting polymers may prolong gastric residence time. Among the reviewed studies, the floating dipyridamole formula contining 30% HPMC K4M and 20% Ac-di-sol and the celery extract formula containing 52 mg xanthan gum and 3 mg megnesium stearate showed the most favorable sustained release performance. Overall, the success of sustained release tablet formulation is strongly influenced by matrix type, polymer proportion, active ingredient characteristics, and the targeted release mechanism.

Keywords: Sustained release tablet, matrik, HPMC, Xanthan gum, Floating system.

FORMULATION OF AN ETHANOL FRACTION LOTION FROM KETAPANG LEAVES (Terminalia catappa L.) WITH VARYING LEVELS OF CETYL ALCOHOL AS A STIFFENING AGENT

Husnani Husnani — 2026-08-14

Excessive exposure to ultraviolet (UV) radiation can cause various skin disorders such as erythema, premature aging, hyperpigmentation, and skin cancer. The use of sunscreen is one of the preventive measures against skin damage caused by UV radiation. Indian almond leaves (Terminalia catappa Linn.) contain flavonoids, tannins, and phenolic compounds with antioxidant and photoprotective potential. This study aimed to formulate lotion from ethanol fraction of Indian almond leaves with varying concentrations of cetyl alcohol as a stiffening agent and evaluate its physical characteristics. The research method used an experimental design with three different formulas: Formula I (3% cetyl alcohol), Formula II (4%), and Formula III (5%). Evaluation included organoleptic, homogeneity, pH, viscosity, and spreadability tests. The results showed all three formulas were homogeneous with cream color, lemon aroma, semi-solid texture, and pH 7. Kruskal-Wallis test showed significant viscosity differences (p=0.026) with values of FI (3,833 cPs), FII (22,083 cPs), and FIII (39,750 cPs). ANOVA test showed significant spreadability differences (p=0.000) with values of FI (6.67 cm), FII (5.95 cm), and FIII (5.36 cm). All three formulas met the topical preparation spreadability requirements (5-7 cm). It can be concluded that variations in cetyl alcohol concentration significantly affect the viscosity and spreadability of ethanol fraction lotion from Indian almond leaves.

UJI EVALUASI FISIK SEDIAAN DAN UJI EFEKTIVITAS PENYEMBUHAN LUKA BAKAR DERAJAT II GEL EKSTRAK BAWANG DAYAK (Eleutherine bulbosa (Mill.) Urb) PADA KELINCI JANTAN

Atika Mestika — 2026-08-14

Luika bakar deirajat IiIi meiruipakan keiruisakan pada eipiideirmiis dan seibagiian deirmiis yang meimeirluikan peinanganan teipat uintuik meinceigah iinfeiksii dan meimpeirceipat peinyeimbuihan. Bawang dayak (Eileiuitheiriinei builbosa. (Miill. Uirb) meinganduing seinyawa aktiif seipeirtii flavonoiid, taniin, alkaloiid, dan saponiin yang beirsiifat antiioksiidan, antiibakteirii, dan antiiiinflamasii. Peineiliitiian iinii beirtuijuian meingeivaluiasii siifat fiisiik dan eifeiktiiviitas geil eikstrak bawang dayak teirhadap peinyeimbuihan luika bakar deirajat IiIi pada keiliincii jantan. Peineiliitiian diilakuikan seicara eikspeiriimeintal meingguinakan eikstrak eitanol 96% bawang dayak dalam tiiga formuila konseintrasii geil : F1 (2%), F2 (4%), dan F3 (6%). Eivaluiasii meiliipuitii uijii organoleiptiik, homogeiniitas, pH, daya seibar, daya leikat, viiskosiitas, seirta uijii eifeiktiiviitas peinyeimbuihan luika seilama 14 harii. Hasiil meinuinjuikkan seiluiruih formuila meimeinuihii standar seidiiaan topiikal. Uijii Kruiskal-Walliis meinuinjuikkan peirbeidaan siigniifiikan antar keilompok (p < 0,05), dan F3 (6%) meimbeiriikan hasiil paliing meindeikatii kontrol posiitiif (Buirnaziin). Darii hasiil peineiliitiian dapat diisiimpuilkan bahwa geil eikstrak bawang dayak eifeiktiif meimpeirceipat peinyeimbuihan luika bakar deirajat IiIi, teiruitama pada konseintrasii 6%.

Drug Related Problems Pasien Hipertensi di KLinik "X" Kota Bengkulu Periode 2024

Nina Anggraini — 2026-08-14

Hypertension prevalence data in Indonesia shows that nearly one-third of the adult population suffers from hypertension, which often leads to serious complications such as stroke and kidney failure if not properly treated. Hypertension management requires rational therapy, but often faces Drug-Related Problems (DRPs) that can compromise treatment success. This study aimed to identify DRPs in hypertensive patients at the Clinic “X” in Bengkulu from January to December 2024. The study used a retrospective descriptive design, with medical records of 111 patients reviewed. Results showed that the majority of patients were aged 45–54 years (45.05%) and 55–64 years (35.14%), with a higher proportion of women (54.05%). The most common hypertension classification was stage I (45.95%), followed by prehypertension (27.93%). The DRPs identified included medications without indications, inappropriate medications, too high doses, too low doses, and the need for additional medications. Identification of DRPs is expected to help improve treatment rationality and the quality of clinical pharmacy services, and can serve as a basis for evaluating hypertension therapy management in healthcare facilities.

FORMULATION AND TESTING OF VITAMIN C LEVELS OF YOUNG CLITORIA TERNATEA SEED EXTRACT (Clitoria ternatea L.) IN BODY LOTION PREPARATIONS

karina anjani susetyo — 2026-08-14

Young butterfly pea seeds (Clitoria ternatea L.) are known to contain natural antioxidants, including vitamin C, which are beneficial in protecting the skin from free radical damage. Vitamin C is an important antioxidant that plays a role in counteracting free radicals and maintaining body health. This study aimed to formulate a body lotion from young butterfly pea seed extract by varying the extract concentration (F1:2%; F2:3%; F3:4%) and then conducting an evaluation. The evaluation included physical properties (organoleptic, homogeneity, emulsion, viscosity, spreadability, and adhesion), chemical properties (pH), and vitamin C levels were determined using UV-Vis spectrophotometry. The results of the study showed that all physical properties test formulas (organoleptic, homogeneity, emulsion, viscosity, spreadability and adhesiveness) and chemical tests (pH) had met the requirements and the highest vitamin C content was in formula F3, namely 46.95%.

Keywords: Young Butterfly Pea Seed Extract, Body Lotion, Vitamin C Content Determination.

FORMULASI SEDIAAN GEL EKSTRAK BIJI TELANG TUA (Clitoria ternatea L.) SEBAGAI TABIR SURYA MENGGUNAKAN METODE SPEKTROFOTOMETRI UV-Vis

suzana ulfa — 2026-08-14

Paparan sinar ultraviolet (UV), terutama jenis UV-B, dapat menimbulkan berbagai masalah pada kulit, seperti kemerahan (eritema), penggelapan warna kulit (hiperpigmentasi), hingga mempercepat proses penuaan dini. Untuk mencegah hal tersebut, penggunaan tabir surya berbahan alami menjadi salah satu alternatif yang dapat dipilih. Biji telang tua (Clitoria ternatea L.) diketahui mengandung senyawa aktif berupa flavonoid dan fenolik yang berperan sebagai antioksidan dan mampu menetralisir radikal bebas. Penelitian ini dilakukan dengan tujuan merancang formulasi gel dari ekstrak biji telang tua serta menguji kualitas fisik dan efektivitasnya sebagai tabir surya melalui analisis menggunakan metode spektrofotometri UV-Vis.

Proses ekstraksi dilakukan dengan metode maserasi menggunakan pelarut etanol 96%. Ekstrak kemudian diformulasikan menjadi sediaan gel dengan tiga variasi konsentrasi, yaitu 4%, 6%, dan 8%. Pengujian kualitas fisik mencakup uji organoleptik, homogenitas, pH, viskositas, daya sebar, serta daya lekat. Sementara itu, penentuan nilai Sun Protection Factor (SPF) dilakukan secara in vitro menggunakan spektrofotometri UV-Vis pada rentang panjang gelombang 290–320 nm. Berdasarkan hasil pengujian, seluruh formula menunjukkan mutu fisik yang baik dan tetap stabil selama penyimpanan hingga 4 minggu.

Formula dengan konsentrasi ekstrak 8% memberikan nilai SPF tertinggi, yaitu 3,51, yang termasuk dalam kategori perlindungan sedang. Dengan demikian, gel dari ekstrak biji telang tua berpotensi dimanfaatkan sebagai tabir surya alami yang efektif serta mampu membantu mencegah kerusakan kulit akibat paparan sinar ultraviolet.

Kata Kunci : Clitoria ternatea L., biji telang tua, gel tabir surya, SPF, spektrofotometri UV-Vis.